Ãëàâíàÿ ñòðàíèöà ïåðåéòè íà ãëàâíóþ ñòðàíèöó Serti.ru Ïîèñê çàêîíîâ è ñòàíäàðòîâ íà ñàéòå ïîèñê äîêóìåíòîâ Êàòàëîã äîêóìåíòîâ êàòàëîã äîêóìåíòîâ Äîáàâèòü â èçáðàííîå äîáàâèòü ñàéò Serti.ru â èçáðàííîå










goÊîäåêñû

goÒåõíè÷åñêîå ðåãóëèðîâàíèå

goÄîêóìåíòû Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ìîñêâû

goÃÒÊ Ðîññèè

goÐîñïàòåíò

goÃîññòðîé Ðîññèè

goÒåõíè÷åñêèå êîìèòåòû

goÊëàññèôèêàòîðû

goÃîñóäàðñòâåííûå ñòàíäàðòû Ðîññèè

goÃîññòàíäàðò Ðîññèè

goÃîñêîìýêîëîãèÿ Ðîññèè

goÃîñêîìñàíýïèäíàäçîð Ðîññèè

goÃîñãîðòåõíàäçîð Ðîññèè

goÌ×Ñ Ðîññèè

goÌèíýíåðãî Ðîññèè

goÌèíòðóä Ðîññèè

goÌèíòðàíñ Ðîññèè

goÂåòåðèíàðíî-ñàíèòàðíûå ïðàâèëà

goÌèíñåëüõîç Ðîññèè

goÌèíñâÿçè Ðîññèè

goÌÏÑ Ðîññèè

goÌÏÐ Ðîññèè

goÑàíÏèÍ, ÃÍ, ÌÓÊ, ÏÄÊ, ÎÁÓÂ

goÌèíçäðàâ Ðîññèè

goÌÂÄ Ðîññèè

goÄîêóìåíòû ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îðãàíèçàöèé

goÏðàâèëà è ïîðÿäêè ñåðòèôèêàöèè îäíîðîäíûõ âèäîâ ïðîäóêöèè

goÄîêóìåíòû Ñèñòåìû ñåðòèôèêàöèè ÃÎÑÒ Ð

goÎñíîâîïîëàãàþùèå äîêóìåíòû ïî ñåðòèôèêàöèè

goÄîêóìåíòû Ïðàâèòåëüñòâà Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè

goÇàêîíû Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè

goÓòðàòèëè ñèëó èëè îòìåíåíû






7. ×ðåçìåðíûé
ïåðåãðåâ    
ïàðîâ       
àììèàêà íà  
âñàñûâàíèè  


Êàê â ï. 6


1


2


3


 




ÌÅÍÜØÅ 


ÏÎÍÈÆÅÍÈÅ
ÄÀÂËÅÍÈß 
ÂÑÀÑÛÂÀÍÈß


8. Ïîâûøåííàÿ
ïðîèçâîäè-  
òåëüíîñòü   
êîìïðåññîðà 


Îïàñíîñòè 
íåò       


1


1


2


Ïðîâåðèòü  
ðåëå       
äàâëåíèÿ   




 

Ïðèìåð
2. Àíàëèç "äåðåâüåâ îòêàçîâ è ñîáûòèé"

Ïðèìåð
äåðåâà ñîáûòèé äëÿ êîëè÷åñòâåííîãî àíàëèçà ðàçëè÷íûõ ñöåíàðèåâ àâàðèé íà
óñòàíîâêå ïåðåðàáîòêè íåôòè ïðåäñòàâëåí íà ðèñ. 2. Öèôðû ðÿäîì ñ íàèìåíîâàíèåì
ñîáûòèÿ ïîêàçûâàþò óñëîâíóþ âåðîÿòíîñòü âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ýòîãî ñîáûòèÿ. Ïðè ýòîì
âåðîÿòíîñòü âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ èíèöèèðóþùåãî ñîáûòèÿ (âûáðîñ íåôòè èç ðåçåðâóàðà)
ïðèíÿòà ðàâíîé 1. Çíà÷åíèå ÷àñòîòû âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ îòäåëüíîãî ñîáûòèÿ èëè
ñöåíàðèÿ ïåðåñ÷èòûâàåòñÿ ïóòåì óìíîæåíèÿ ÷àñòîòû âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ èíèöèèðóþùåãî ñîáûòèÿ
íà óñëîâíóþ âåðîÿòíîñòü ðàçâèòèÿ àâàðèè ïî êîíêðåòíîìó ñöåíàðèþ.

 

                                         
ÏÐÅÊÐÀÙÅÍÈÅ ÃÎÐÅÍÈß

                                          ÈËÈ
ËÈÊÂÈÄÀÖÈß ÀÂÀÐÈÈ

                       ÔÀÊÅËÜÍÎÅ ÃÎÐÅÍÈÅ 
┌──────────────────────

                       ÑÒÐÓÈ              │0,02

                     
┌───────────────────┤

                      │0,04               │ÐÀÇÐÓØÅÍÈÅ ÑÎÑÅÄÍÅÃÎ

                      │                   │ÎÁÎÐÓÄÎÂÀÍÈß

       Ñ ÌÃÍÎÂÅÍÍÛÌ   │                  
└──────────────────────

       ÂÎÑÏËÀÌÅÍÅÍÈÅÌ │                    0,02

     
┌───────────────┤

      │0,05           │                   ÝÔÔÅÊÒÀ "ÄÎÌÈÍÎ" ÍÅÒ

      │               │                  
┌───────────────────────

      │               │"ÎÃÍÅÍÍÛÉ ØÀÐ"     │0,001

      │              
└───────────────────┤

      │                0,01              
│ÐÀÇÐÓØÅÍÈÅ ÑÎÑÅÄÍÅÃÎ

ÂÛÁÐÎÑ│                                  
│ÎÁÎÐÓÄÎÂÀÍÈß

ÍÅÔÒÈ │                                  
└───────────────────────

──────┤                                    0,009

1,0   │

      │

      │

      │                                      ËÈÊÂÈÄÀÖÈß ÀÂÀÐÈÈ

      │                                    
┌────────────────────

      │                  ÍÅÒ ÂÎÑÏËÀÌÅÍÅÍÈß  │0,35

      │                
┌───────────────────┤

      │                 │0,45               │ÎÒÑÓÒÑÒÂÈÅ ÈÑÒÎ×ÍÈÊÀ

      │ÁÅÇ ÌÃÍÎÂÅÍÍÎÃΠ │                  
└────────────────────

      │ÂÎÑÏËÀÌÅÍÅÍÈß    │                    0,10

     
└─────────────────┤

       0,95             │                     ÏÎÆÀÐ ÏÐÎËÈÂÀ

                        │                   
┌───────────────────

                        │ÂÎÑÏËÀÌÅÍÅÍÈÅ
ÍÅÔÒÈ │0,10

                       
└────────────────────┤

                         0,50                │ÃÎÐÅÍÈÅ ÈËÈ ÂÇÐÛÂ

                                            
│ÎÁËÀÊÀ

                                            
└───────────────────

                                             
0,40

 

Ðèñ. 2. "Äåðåâî ñîáûòèé" àâàðèé íà
óñòàíîâêå ïåðâè÷íîé

ïåðåðàáîòêè íåôòè

 

Ïðèìåð
äåðåâà îòêàçà <*>, èñïîëüçóåìîãî äëÿ àíàëèçà ïðè÷èí âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ
àâàðèéíûõ ñèòóàöèé ïðè àâòîìàòèçèðîâàííîé çàïðàâêå åìêîñòè, ïðèâåäåí íà ðèñ. 3.
Ñòðóêòóðà äåðåâà îòêàçà âêëþ÷àåò îäíî ãîëîâíîå ñîáûòèå (àâàðèÿ, èíöèäåíò),
êîòîðîå ñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ñ íàáîðîì ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ íèæåñòîÿùèõ ñîáûòèé (îøèáîê,
îòêàçîâ, íåáëàãîïðèÿòíûõ âíåøíèõ âîçäåéñòâèé), îáðàçóþùèõ ïðè÷èííûå öåïè
(ñöåíàðèè àâàðèé). Äëÿ ñâÿçè ìåæäó ñîáûòèÿìè â "óçëàõ" äåðåâüåâ
èñïîëüçóþòñÿ çíàêè "È" è "ÈËÈ". Ëîãè÷åñêèé çíàê
"È" îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî âûøåñòîÿùåå ñîáûòèå âîçíèêàåò ïðè îäíîâðåìåííîì
íàñòóïëåíèè íèæåñòîÿùèõ ñîáûòèé (ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïåðåìíîæåíèþ èõ âåðîÿòíîñòåé äëÿ
îöåíêè âåðîÿòíîñòè âûøåñòîÿùåãî ñîáûòèÿ). Çíàê "ÈËÈ" îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî
âûøåñòîÿùåå ñîáûòèå ìîæåò ïðîèçîéòè âñëåäñòâèå âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ îäíîãî èç
íèæåñòîÿùèõ ñîáûòèé.

    --------------------------------

<*>
 îòå÷åñòâåííîé ëèòåðàòóðå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ è èíûå íàèìåíîâàíèÿ ýòîãî äåðåâà: äåðåâî
îòêàçîâ, äåðåâî íåïîëàäîê, äåðåâî ïðîèñøåñòâèé è ò.ï.

 

                               ┌────────────────┐

                               │Ïðîëèâ
ãîðþ÷åãî │

                              
│(ïåðåïîëíåíèÿ   │

                               │åìêîñòè)
ïî ïðè-│

                               │÷èíå
èçëèøíå    │

                               │ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîé │

                               │ðàáîòû
íàñîñîâ  │

                               │èç-çà èõ
íåîò-  │

                               │êëþ÷åíèÿ
âîâðåìÿ│

                              
└───────┬────────┘

                                     ┌─┴─┐

                               
┌────┤èëè├───────┐

                                │    └───┘       │

                          
┌────┴─────┐   
┌─────┴────┐

                           │Êîìàíäà
íà│    │Êîìàíäà íà│

                          
│îòêëþ÷åíèå│   
│îòêëþ÷åíèå│

                           │íå ïîñòó-
│    │íå îñóùåñ-│

                           │ïèëà      │    │òâëåíà    │

                          
└────┬─────┘   
└─────┬────┘

                              ┌─┴─┐              │

                        
┌────┤ è
├─────┐        └─────────────────────┐

                         │    └───┘     │                              │

                     
┌──┴───┐    
┌────┴───┐                          │

                      │ÑÀÂÄ 
│    
│Îïåðàòîð│                          │

                      │íå    │     │íå âûäàë│                          │

                     
│âûäàëà│    
│êîìàíäû │                          │

                     
│êîìàí-│    
│        │                          │

                      │äû    │     │        │                          │

                     
└───┬──┘    
└─────┬──┘                          │

            
┌────────────┘           
┌─┴─┐                           │

          
┌─┴─┐  
                  ┌─┤èëè├──────────┐                │

 
┌────────┤èëè├────────────┐        │
└───┘         
│                │

  │        └─┬─┘            │        │          
┌────┴────┐           │

  │      
┌──┴─────┐        │        └─────┐     │Îïåðàòîð │           │

  │       │       
│        │              │     │íå ïûòàë-│           │

  │       │       
│        │              │     │ñÿ îòêëþ-│           │

  │       │       
│        │              │     │÷èòü íà- │           │

  │       │       
│        │              │     │ñîñû     │          


  │       │       
│        │              │    
└────┬────┘           │

  │       │       
│        │              │       
┌─┴─┐              │

  │       │       
│        │              │       ┌┤èëè├─┐            │

  │       │       
│        │              │      
│└───┘ │            │

  │       │       
│        │              │       │      │           


  │  
┌───┴────┐   │   
┌───┴────┐    
┌───┴────┐  │ 
┌───┴────┐       │

  │  
│Îòêàç   │   │   
│Îòêàç   │     │Îïåðàòîð│  │ 
│Îïåðàòîð│      


  │  
│ñðåäñòâ │  
│    │ñðåäñòâ │     │íå ñðåà-│  │ 
│íå ñìîã │      


  │  
│ïåðåäà÷è│  
│    │âûäà÷è  │    
│ãèðîâàë │ 
│  │îòêëþ-  │       │

  │  
│ñèãíàëà │  
│    │ñèãíàëà │     │íà îòêàç│  │ 
│÷èòü íà-│      


  │  
└───┬────┘   │   
└───┬────┘     │ÑÀÂÄ    │  │  │ñîñû    │       │

  │       │       
│        │          │        │ 
│  │âîâðåìÿ
│       │

  │       │       
│        │         
└───┬────┘  │ 
└─────┬──┘       │

  │    
┌&#

Ïåðåéòè íà ñòð.1Ïåðåéòè íà ñòð.2Ïåðåéòè íà ñòð.3Ïåðåéòè íà ñòð.4ñòð.5Ïåðåéòè íà ñòð.6